FEDERALISM IN INDIA 

Federalism in India is a "quasi-federal" system, defining the nation as a "Union of States" (Article 1) rather than a strict federation. It divides powers between the central and state governments, featuring a written constitution, dual government, and a strong unitary tilt where the Centre holds supreme authority during crises.
Key Characteristics of Indian Federalism:
  • Constitutional Division of Power: Legislative, administrative, and executive powers are divided between the Union and States, with a third concurrent list for shared powers.
  • Unitary Features: The Centre holds more power, including control over state boundaries, residual powers, emergency provisions, and a single, unified judiciary
    .
  • "Union of States": While federal in structure, the Constitution allows for a "semi-federal" or "quasi-federal" arrangement to maintain national unity.
  • Cooperative Federalism: Often described as a system requiring close collaboration between the Centre and States, especially in economic and developmental matters.
Key Components and Features:
  • Three Lists: The Seventh Schedule outlines the Union List (national importance), State List (local matters), and Concurrent List (shared jurisdiction).
  • Single Judiciary: Unlike traditional federations with separate state courts, India has a hierarchical, unified system with the Supreme Court at the top.
  • Administrative Unity: The Centre can issue directions to States, and the appointment of governors by the President ensures central oversight.
  • Fiscal Imbalance: The Centre holds more financial power, with the Finance Commission managing the distribution of resources.
Challenges and Evolution:

  • Centralization: The system often faces criticism for being overly centralized, with the Union government holding dominant power.
  • Asymmetrical Federalism: Special provisions exist for certain states (e.g., Articles 371-371J) to meet regional, cultural, or linguistic needs.
  • Political Dynamics: The shift toward "one nation" policy agendas has led to debates over the balance of power between regional and national interests.

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